More isn't always better: making better health-care choices

Canadians have more than one million unnecessary medical tests, treatments and procedures every year. But we can improve patient outcomes and save resources

By Wendy Levinson
Expert Adviser
EvidenceNetwork.ca

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TORONTO, Ont./Troy Media/ - Each year, at least one million unnecessary tests, treatments and procedures are done in Canadian health-care settings. This means that hundreds of thousands of Canadians are exposed to potential harm by unnecessary care.

Unnecessary care could be a prescription drug, a diagnostic test or a medical procedure that doesn't improve a patient's health outcomes and isn't backed by the best available evidence. It may also involve risks and harmful side-effects.

In other words, this medical care offers no value to patients and strains resources.

A recent report from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), in partnership with Choosing Wisely Canada, demonstrates how pervasive unnecessary care is across the country and highlights several key examples where changes could benefit patients and the health system.

So what are we better off without?

Unnecessary imaging has consequences.

The report says about 30 per cent of patients visiting Ontario and Alberta emergency departments for minor head injuries have CT scans. CT scans deliver strong X-ray radiation. Exposure to this radiation can increase lifetime cancer risk. Yet evidence shows there are good alternatives to CT scans for investigating head injuries. For example, doctors can use a set of questions, known as a clinical decision rule, to assess the severity of a head injury and decide if further diagnostic testing is warranted.

Unnecessary medications have side-effects.

The report estimates that one in 10 Canadian seniors regularly uses sleeping pills, known as benzodiazepines, and other sedative hypnotics. The long-term use of these medications outweighs benefits, which is why they're only recommended for short-term use. These medications increase the risk of falls causing injuries and car accidents in seniors.

Seniors aren't the only population where there is unnecessary and potentially harmful medication use. The report shows a disturbing 300 per cent increase in dispensed prescriptions for the powerful antipsychotic quetiapine for insomnia in children and youth in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. This drug is not recommended for children or youth and has a long list of harmful side-effects.

An important finding of the report is wide variation across regions and between provinces. Variation means major differences in medical practice, some of which are not evidence-based and can be harmful to patients.

Reducing variation improves quality for all Canadian patients and can reduce waste. A good example is pre-operative testing. In Ontario, nearly one in three patients having eye surgery had a preoperative test, compared to one in five in Alberta.

Medicine has evolved and so has medical practice. It used to be standard that before certain surgeries, like hip or knee replacements or cataract surgery, pre-operative tests would be done to ensure a patient was fit for surgery. These tests could include blood work, electrocardiograms and chest X-rays. As surgical techniques and technology evolve, however, most of these pre-operative tests are no longer needed unless there's a specific concern.

In spite of the pervasiveness of unnecessary care, the picture isn't bleak. The report also provides several examples of how health-care providers work hard to put in place better practices or protocols to reduce waste, which may also harm patients.

We know patients are aware of this problem, too. Ipsos Reid survey data shows that one in four Canadians say they have experienced unnecessary care in the past year. And 67 per cent of Canadians surveyed believe patient demand is also responsible for unnecessary care, rather than decisions made by health-care providers alone. Nearly half (42 per cent) of Canadians surveyed said they expect a test ordered or a prescription written when they visit a doctor's office.

But the vast majority (92 per cent) of Canadians surveyed also said they need more information to help make decisions and ask the right care questions.

So what should patients do?

Choosing Wisely Canada, a national, clinician-led campaign, has four key questions a patient can ask their care provider to help start a conversation about unnecessary care:

• Do I really need this test, treatment or procedure?
• What are the downsides?
• Are there simpler, safer options?
• What happens if I do nothing?

Together with health-care providers, Canadians can help reduce unnecessary care by asking questions and having conversations about when more isn't always better.

Wendy Levinson, MD, OC, is an expert adviser with EvidenceNetwork.ca, the chair of Choosing Wisely Canada and a professor of medicine at the University of Toronto.

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